Free Zones are zones established to encourage investment and production and accelerate foreign direct investments and technology entrance. They develop international trade within the political borders of the country in which they are located. Ordinary trade barriers such as taxes, tariffs, and quotas are abolished in Free Zones, and bureaucratic restrictions are eased. When compared to other places, Free Zones offer more incentives and exemptions for industrial and commercial activity. Goods imported from other countries can be processed, stored, and manufactured in this territory without being submitted to customs processes. The purposes of free zones are often varied, including manufacturing, storage, packing, research and development, insurance, banking, sorting, and assembly.

Although free zone practices differ from country to country, free zones are generally regions where various incentives are implemented. Because of their multiple applications around the world, free zones are assigned several names. There are six different types of free zones: Free zone, Free port, Free economic zone, Duty free zone (customs free zone), Foreign trade zone, and Free production zone.

Moreover, while production-oriented activities are typically carried out in developing-country free zones, trade-oriented activities are usually carried out in developed-country free zones. Free zones contain the free zone customs directorate, the free zone directorate, and the free zone operator.

The period of time goods can stay in the free zone is unlimited. Customs authorities supervise the free zone borders and entrance and exit points, as well as the goods entering, remaining in, or departing the free zone. Individuals or institutions must make an import declaration to customs for goods that will be withdrawn from the free zone and enter the country. Furthermore, if an individual or institution within the country wants to transport items to the free zone, they must additionally submit an export declaration.

For What Purposes Are Free Zones Established?

Free zones are one of the strategies implemented, particularly by developing nations, to enable quick integration into the global economy. The primary objectives of establishing free zones are to provide inputs for foreign trade and foreign direct investments that will contribute to export-oriented industries by encouraging the development of exports. In addition to that, increasing foreign currency inflows, and helping solve the problem of unemployment by creating new job opportunities are also the main goals.

No. 3218 Free Zones Act

Customs Law No. 4458 and Free Zones Law No. 3218 both contain provisions regulating free zones in Turkey. This law outlines the basic objectives for the establishment and operation of free zones. It includes export-oriented investment and production. This law will help to promote foreign direct investment and speed up the adoption of technology. It aids the economy in regularly redirecting its exports to ensure the requirement for external financing. The law is realized to benefit more from trade opportunities. 

Furthermore, the President of the country determines the locations and borders of the free zones. The President grants permission for the establishment and operation of free zones by public institutions and organizations, domestic or foreign real or legal persons. All kinds of industrial, commercial, and service-related activities can be carried out in free zones, which are deemed appropriate by the High Planning Council. Domestic or foreign real or legal persons may operate in the free zone with the approval of the Ministry of Economy.

Free zones in Turkey are considered outside the Turkish Customs Zone in terms of customs and foreign trade laws, but within the Turkish Customs Zone in terms of origin rules until the date of full membership in the European Union. The foreign trade regime is not applied between the free zones and other countries, and free zones. In order to operate in free zones, it is necessary to obtain an activity license first.

Finally, there is a total of 18 Free Trade Zones in Turkey. Some of them are; Adana Yumurtalık Free Zone, Antalya Free Zone, Denizli Free Zone, Kayseri Free Zone, Gaziantep Free Zone, European Free Zone (Tekirdağ), and Bursa Free Zone.

What Are the Advantages of a Free Zone?

The benefits of free zones, which may be found practically anywhere, to states, traders, and customers are substantial. The main advantage of the Free Zone is that it promotes transit trade development. Free zones are exempt from Value Added Tax. The energy consumed in these areas is less expensive than in other areas. It benefits the state's economy by increasing export-oriented production and investment. Free Zones help to expand transportation networks and allow foreigners to invest directly. It also advances technological projects and directs exports through the benefits it offers to businesses. It promotes the growth of international trade. Utilization of company tax exemption in free zones is a significant benefit to traders.

In Free Zones, there is no income tax. Free Zones, with their adaptable and commercial structures, help to improve trade volume. It increases import transactions as well as exports. Finally, Free Zones support individual institutionalization.

What Activities Are Carried out in Free Zones?

All types of industrial, commercial, and service-related activity are permitted in free zones authorized by the High Planning Council. Production, trading, warehouse management, office renting, assembly-disassembly, maintenance-repair, banking, insurance, offshore banking, financial leasing, and other disciplines are included. The activities allowed in the Free Zone may differ from one country to another.

Decommissioned land parcels, general and detached warehouses, offices and open stock spaces, and ready-made production facilities in Free Zones are available for rent or title deed ownership to investors. In Free Zones, where cost competition and bureaucracy are minimized, all types of infrastructure services (electricity, water, natural gas, wastewater, treatment, road, communication) are provided. Construction contracting, public catering, IT, insurance, maintenance and repair, loading/unloading, consultancy, private security, and other services are offered in free zones such as the European Free Zone. It also provides different kinds of services to its investors.

In summary, trade relations are conducted in accordance with the rules established by the countries' regulations. Free Zones are places with large volumes and advantages that are separated from one another by these borders.

Today, numerous forms of truck deliveries are used to transport cargo from one location to another. Cartage fee is usually charged by carriers or truckers who offer this service. Cartage is used for short distances and is written as an additional charge. Continue reading to learn more about the Cartage fee.

What Is Cartage?

Cartage is a term used to describe goods that are conveyed over a short distance. It is often referred to as a transaction or fee associated with its transportation over small distances, most commonly by train or road. This term, often known as handling or shipping, relates to the charges of freight, loading, and unloading. These costs are associated with the purchase or sale of products. A handling charge is normally listed as a distinct item on the freight bill under cartage charges when cartage is paid for anything other than trade items.

Cartage is a term that is used alternately with maneuver, conveyance, and drayage to describe the transportation of cargo across short distances. Cartage typically refers to a movement within a region or between two nearby towns. This type of service has a service fee because the goods are delivered using a smaller truck or pickup truck. Any shipping company with the necessary license can provide this service. Shipments are typically received from a nearby terminal where a large number of packages are delivered. After that, unloaded packages are delivered to local drives.

What Is Cartage Fee in Logistics?

Cartage fees may apply when conveying products depending on the incoterm and freight conditions. In logistics, a transport fee is a price charged by shippers for the service of delivering products by rail or road.

What Are the Different Types of Cartage Costs?

Cargo expenses are classified as either internal or external expenses. Under the name of internal expenses, there are freight, loading, and unloading costs for acquired products. Freight, loading, and unloading costs for goods sold are classified as external expenses.

When Are Cartage Services Used and Cartage Fees Applied?

When a truck conveys items a short distance to a specific location, such as a residential area or workplace, transportation charges are frequently applied. These places could be in a port, a free trade zone, between container warehouses, or near distribution points.

Free trade zones are geographical areas that accept a wide range of goods. Cargo in free trade zones is frequently near the ports where freighters import and export different kinds of goods. Goods must be transported before they can be loaded onto the ship. Cartage transportation service is usually provided in these locations.

Freight costs are normally applied when loaded containers are delivered from the container freight station (CFS) to the port. The consolidator, who is usually a co-loader or a freight forwarder, organizes this transportation service. Cargo is also occasionally transferred to inner container warehouses. This transport service is typically provided by truck or rail transport.

Transporting products within a city or small town is probably the most popular type of transportation service. Because the destinations are relatively close together, the costs are reduced in these locations. For local carting services, transport companies use a compact truck or pickup truck.

How Is Cartage Cost Determined?

When computing the cartage cost, numerous factors must be considered. The mode of transportation, distance, weight and size, and lastly the type of product all factor into fare determination. Road transportation can be more expensive than rail transportation. Cartage prices rise as delivery distance increases. Heavy and bulky packages, as well as package sensitivity, can all contribute to price increases. Perishable goods frequently necessitate specialized handling and shipping equipment.

Cartage will concentrate primarily on the methods used to manage the movement of goods. Depending on how close the target is to the starting point, a variety of techniques can be utilized. The money due will be determined by the carriers' costs and the variables stated.

In summary, cartage is the actual cost of carrying products from one location to another. Companies that engage in this procedure base their calculations on the total cost of transportation management. Cartage fees are determined individually and are utilized by courier companies, buyers, and sellers in a variety of industries, including logistics.

What Is the Difference Between Cartage, Freight, Drayage, and Haulage?

Cartage is most commonly used to represent the transportation of goods by truck or rail between two nearby locations. Freight, on the other hand, refers to the moving of cargo over any distance by any means of transportation including air, sea, rail, truck, pickup truck, or others.

Drayage and Cartage have the same etymological origin, however, there are a few major differences. The most fundamental distinction is that drayage transports goods by truck, whereas cartage transports goods by rail or trucks.

Although the terms are interchangeable, cartage often refers to deliveries between nearby locations. In contrast, haulage refers to container movement independent of location.

A seaport terminal or marine terminal is a facility in a port where cargo is handled. Terminals contain facilities for loading, unloading, and storing cargo. Production and processing facilities are often located near a seaport terminal but are not technically considered part of the terminal. Seaport terminals are sometimes referred to as docks.

When ships arrive in port, they need a safe place to be loaded and unloaded. The berths at a marine terminal allow ships to moor for this purpose. While many ships have cargo handling equipment on board, the cranes and elevators of a marine terminal can be useful or necessary for larger specialized cargoes. They can also allow extremely fast loading and unloading, so ships can be cleared quickly.

How Cargo Is Handled

The temporary storage of cargo is also often required, whether the cargo is awaiting the arrival of a ship or waiting for the next stage of transportation after unloading. Many ports now have large container terminals specifically designed to handle container ships and their cargo. This includes storage areas for full and empty shipping containers. Special cargo that does not fit into containers or is transported for other purposes may also have special storage requirements. Temperature-controlled storage is a good example, which is also offered at many marine terminals.

Personnel at marine terminals help secure ships for docking, operate cargo handling equipment, and assist with the storage of goods. Marine terminal operations can take place around the clock and often depend on a rotating workforce. People interested in a job on a particular day show up at the gates to see if ships that need to be loaded or unloaded have arrived. Depending on the port and its policies, they may need to be certified as longshoremen or union members.

In some parts of the world, there are also offshore terminals. This is most common in oil-producing countries where large tankers are too large to enter a port. Instead, they are loaded and unloaded offshore. These marine terminals can accommodate several large ships at a time and are constantly replenished to ensure that tankers can always refuel. For people who need to go ashore, boats usually run between the terminal and the coast, and transportation can be arranged.

Container Terminals

A container terminal is a place where shipping containers are stored and loaded onto the appropriate vehicle or vessel to complete delivery. There are a variety of container designs and types in which goods are shipped. However, the usual container holds as much cargo as a semi-truck box trailer. Special overhead cranes are used at the container terminal to stack and organize the containers and load them onto trucks, trains, and ships. Most container terminals are located near rail lines and highways. Some marine terminals are also located near large bodies of water.

A shipping container looks like a box trailer on a semi-truck. The container is connected to a trailer at each corner and can be removed and lifted off the trailer to be stacked on top of another container or placed on a rail car or on the deck of a ship. In a busy container terminal, many containers are pushed into place by many trucks so that the overhead crane can place them on the proper means of transport.

Some large manufacturing facilities are able to take the truck out of the transportation equation. By loading the containers onto a railcar at the production site, the goods can be transported to a container terminal on the coast and loaded onto a ship without ever having been loaded onto an articulated truck.

Specialized Container Terminals

Some highly specialized container terminals are located at major airports around the world. Air transportation in containers is not common and is reserved for only the most urgent shipments due to the higher cost. Rail container terminal locations are often referred to as intermodal. An inland container terminal is where container shipments move between rail and truck. Terminals that also include marine transportation are called marine terminals.

Loaded and empty containers are stored in a terminal, with the loaded containers being shipped to meet contractual deadlines. Empty containers are stored in stacks and can take up space in a terminal for long periods of time. Larger terminals have repair shops where damaged containers are brought up to code. Reefer containers have fuel tanks and refrigeration units called reefers that maintain the temperature inside the container. These units can be replenished and maintained at the repair center.

Marine terminals are usually equipped with large stationary gantry cranes. Many intermodal terminals have mobile gantry cranes. This type of container terminal can pick up a container at one end of the terminal and transport it through the terminal to load it onto a train on the other side.

Important Seaport Terminals in Turkey

As a country surrounded by seas on all three sides, Turkey has many important ports. One of the most important is the port of Mersin, which has 21 berths and handles an average of 15 million tons of cargo annually. Another port is the Port of Izmir, which is located between Western Europe and North Africa. The Port of Izmir offers equipment, mixed cargo, bulk, liquid cargo and passenger services. The Port of Izmir has a pier length of 2,959 meters and can accommodate approximately 3,640 ships per year.

After the ports of Mersin and Izmir, the third largest port in Turkey is Haydarpasa, located on the Bosphorus. Haydarpaşa Port remains the largest container port in the Marmara region. The area of the container terminal in the port is 55 thousand m2 and the annual handling capacity is 52 thousand 800 tons.

Pumpkin, a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, is a fibrous fruit. This fruit, whose homeland is North America, is suitable to be grown all over the world. Since it is used in many desserts and dishes, its production and export are also high.

Pumpkin, which started to be grown in North America, has a 5000-year history. When it was first produced, its consumption area was very narrow. However, in the following years, its market expanded and its production increased along with trade. The People's Republic of China has been the country that both produces and consumes the most pumpkin for many years. It is highly preferred because it is a plant that is very easy to care for and offers a lot of production space. When suitable conditions are provided, yields can be obtained for many years.

Pumpkin, which has an important place in the world market, has producers from all seven continents. What is the export area as well as the production area of the pumpkin, which has been the protagonist of the kitchen industry in recent years? Which countries lead the world in pumpkin export?

Spain

The pumpkin, which attracts attention with its colorful appearance, has also become the apple of the eye of Spain. Spain, which has increased its production especially since the 1900s, became the country that exports the most pumpkin in 2021. The country, where many varieties are grown, earned $542 million from pumpkin exports. Spain met 34.9% of the pumpkin exported in the world market in total.

It is estimated that Spain will take first place in 2022. Spain has a great interest in orange pumpkins, which are also used in the decoration industry.

Mexico

The earliest pumpkin seeds ever discovered were discovered by researchers working on a tomb excavation in central Mexico, and they date to 7000 BC. Botanically classified as a fruit rather than a vegetable, pumpkin has been cultivated in the Tehuacan and Oaxaca valleys and Tamaulipas since 6000-5000 BC. The 2021 statistics, also emphasized the variety of its past experiences with the Mexican pumpkin. Mexico exported pumpkins for $394.1 million, more than enough to cover domestic consumption.

According to Mexican producers, both production and exports are expected to double in 2022.

Netherlands

With its fertile lands, the Netherlands, which is becoming more and more prominent in agriculture, experiences the same enthusiasm for pumpkins. Especially Netherlands pumpkins, which are the subject of world news with the pumpkins they produce over 150 kilos, are also expanding in terms of their production network. According to 2021 data, the Netherlands generated $69.6 million in pumpkin exports. Thanks to their large planting areas, they export the pumpkins they produce in huge sizes, as well as the very tasty normal-size pumpkins.

Bringing new hopes to each season, the Netherlands has targets to develop its production and export networks in 2022 as well.

Turkey

Many vegetables and fruits are produced in Turkey's fertile soil. Turkey, which ranks fourth in pumpkin export, is gradually increasing its target in pumpkin production. Although the production is less compared to other countries, the fact that it can be included in the export list also reveals how high quality the pumpkin is. Turkey, which ranks fourth in the list according to 2021 data, exported $69.1 million.

Increasing its production by 34.5% compared to previous years, Turkey aims to be on the list of pumpkin exports in 2022.

United States

The pumpkin, the symbol of Halloween, is produced in many states of the United States. Illinois, in particular, tops the list in pumpkin production. In the United States, the priority is the use of pumpkins for decoration or carving. For this reason, less watery pumpkin production is available. Decoration-oriented exports are also carried out to other countries. The United States generated $57.6 million in revenue from pumpkin exports in 2021.

The United States, which wants to expand its scope on pumpkin production as the kitchen sector in 2022, ranks fifth on the list.

The Place of Pumpkin in the World Market

Pumpkin has great importance in the world trade market. Pumpkins, which can be used in a wide variety of ways, continue to be produced in many places around the world.

Decoration

The color orange, which is also described as the symbol of autumn, perhaps suits the pumpkin the most. One of the protagonists of special days such as Halloween and Harvest Celebrations is a pumpkin. It is exhibited as the head of decoration by carving and lighting. For this reason, both production and export are very common.

Culinary Culture

There is always a need for different tastes in culinary culture. Pumpkin, which is used in desserts, sauces, and even drinks, is used in many different varieties. Pumpkin, whose flavor can be adapted to almost any taste, is one of the main products of the kitchen industry.

Dried Vitamin

Dried fruits are very popular lately. The new dried product that helps diets and dessert decorations is dried pumpkin. Pumpkins, which are sliced and dried in thin strips or dried in cubes, are exported to other countries. Especially countries that cannot reach dried pumpkins due to climatic conditions import dried pumpkins from many countries, especially Turkey.

From small to large, from fresh to dried, pumpkin has an important place in the world. The market framework of pumpkin, which is consumed for many purposes and in many varieties, is expanding.

It is not difficult to reach the quality pumpkins of Turkey with Turkish Goods. You can also contact Turkish Goods, which delivers many products, especially pumpkin, from the best producers to every corner of the world. Get service with both confidence and quality.

There are numerous notable concepts in global trade. International transportation delivery techniques are structured in such a way that the buyer and seller have specific responsibilities. FCA and CIF are two of the 11 delivery systems utilized worldwide. What are the distinctions between the FCA (Free Carriere) and CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) concepts?

What is Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)?

Cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) is an international shipping term that refers to the expenses that include carriage and insurance paid by the seller while the cargo is on its route to the port of origin. The import process and the costs associated with clearing the shipment and delivering the products to the final destination are indeed the responsibility of the buyer.

How is the CIF delivery method done?

CIF is commonly utilized for large, oversized, or heavy shipments. Cost, insurance, and freight are solely applicable to sea or water shipments and do not apply to other forms of transportation. This transportation technique is most commonly applied when shipping full containers.

The items are shipped to the destination port in the sales contract. Any loss or damage to the product remains the seller's responsibility until the goods are delivered to the destination port. When the products arrive at the port of destination, the buyer is responsible for any fees or expenses associated with unloading and conveying the cargo to the final destination. Furthermore, the buyer is liable for the cost of the goods, import clearance and related costs, and shipment from the point of origin.

What Are the Responsibilities of Buyers and Sellers in CIF Agreements?

CIF specifies the seller's liability for delivering the goods to the buyer. The seller is responsible for obtaining export approvals for the product. The seller should cover the cost of any damage or destruction to the items, and provide product inspections. When the items arrive at the port of destination, the buyer becomes responsible for the costs of importing and delivering the commodities. The buyer’s responsibilities are covering the unloading of the product at the port terminal, as well as the customs tax costs and importing of the products.

What is Free Carrier (FCA)?

FCA is the abbreviation of the term Free Carrier. It means that the seller delivers goods to the carrier by stating the location of delivery in his country in international trade. FCA is known as a mode of transportation in which the buyer bears the majority of the responsibility.

How is the FCA delivery method done?

Under FCA, the seller provides the products to the transport company, which is packed in line with international transport regulations. The seller provides the necessary information for delivery by identifying the delivery location. In the meantime, the seller is accountable for all procedures, including local shipping expenses and export requirements. The seller's obligation is to deliver the products completely to the carrier selected by the buyer. After completing the relevant formalities, the seller transfers the goods. With the transmission of the products, the buyer assumes full liability. The FCA delivery method can be defined as a delivery method in which the risks are undertaken by the buyer.

What Are the Responsibilities of Buyers and Sellers in FCA Agreements?

The seller is principally obligated in this mode of delivery to prepare the goods under the order as required. Some items necessitate specific packaging and packing, whilst others do not. The packing procedure differs based on the product. According to international dangerous goods shipping regulations, it is the seller's responsibility to control the quality of the goods.

During the export of the goods, the seller who prepares the goods provides the relevant permits. The seller's responsibility ceases after the customs processes are completed and the paperwork is delivered. Product delivery occurs at the location agreed upon with the buyer's shipping firm. Expenses such as internal transportation and loading incurred prior to delivery are entirely the seller's responsibility.

All risks pass to the customer after the seller delivers the items. As with other kinds of delivery, it is the buyer's responsibility to pay the price of the products as agreed in the contract. Any damage incurred in transit is the buyer's responsibility. In order to decrease the chance of such occurrences, the buyer obtains products and transportation insurance. The buyer is also responsible for customs and tariffs in the country where he is located, in addition to the freight cost.

What are the Differences Between Free Carriere (FCA) and Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)?

The seller is responsible for the delivery and shipment manner agreed upon in advance with the customer in FCA delivery mode. Regarding that, the buyer assumes accountability. The seller is responsible for all costs until the goods arrive at the point of destination under the CIF agreement. When the products are ready for transport, the customer bears all risks.

Another distinction is the variation in transportation routes. CIF is a limited delivery regulation that is exclusively applicable for products transported by water. However, FCA delivery standards apply to all modes of transport, including land, sea, and air. Under CIF conditions, the exporter covers the majority of the transportation costs and has complete control over the freight. Nevertheless, under FCA regulations, the exporter has no control over the major mode of transportation.

The exporter is required to cover the costs of shipping the products to the specified location in the importer's country under the CIF delivery terms. However, under FCA terms of delivery, the exporter covers the expense of the products' transportation when they are loaded onto the carrier specified by the importer.

Wheat is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. It is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Gramineae family and is in the genus Triticum. It is a basic food that enables humanity to survive. Wheat, which has been very valuable to people for centuries, is a plant of strategic importance. Nowadays, the Russia-Ukraine War has once again proved the importance of wheat. The security and independence of a country are directly related to the ability of its population to meet its food and energy needs.

Wheat is valuable both because it is used in animal husbandry and because it is an essential food for humanity. Turkey is among the countries producing this important food. It is an agricultural country and has fertile land. Turkey both produces and exports wheat. In this way, Turkey has an important position in the world regarding wheat. In this article, detailed information about wheat cultivation and export in Turkey is explained. 

Importance of Wheat

Wheat is one of the basic and indispensable food products of humanity. With the transition of humanity to agricultural life, wheat production also started. Many basic foods such as flour, starch, and bulgur are produced from wheat. The main ingredient of bread, pizza, pastries, and many packaged foods is wheat. Besides, wheat is also used in animal husbandry. Wheat is the staple food of animals. In addition, it is made from the stalks of wheat in the manufacture of paper and cardboard.

Wheat production and sufficient wheat stock are of strategic importance for every country. In particular, during the Covid-19 pandemic period, people have made excessive demands for products whose raw material is wheat. Therefore, after Covid-19, the cultivation areas of wheat have been expanded and the amount of agricultural support has increased. Finally, wheat is a very important food product in terms of food security.

Wheat Cultivation in Turkey

Turkey is one of the most important countries in wheat cultivation in the world. Turkey is a country with fertile land and climate diversity. In this way, strategically important wheat is also grown in Turkey. In addition, wheat cultivation in Turkey is supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

According to the data from the Turkish Statistical Institute, Turkey's wheat cultivation area constitutes 3.2% of the world wheat cultivation area in  2020-2021. Wheat covers 44% of the total cultivated grain area in Turkey. Turkey's wheat cultivation area is 69.2 million decameters in 2020-2021. The first ten provinces that generate 42% of this area are as follows; Konya, Şanlıurfa, Ankara, Diyarbakır, Yozgat, Sivas, Tekirdağ, Çorum, Kayseri, and Mardin respectively. Especially, Konya is the province known as the granary of Turkey. The climate of Konya is suitable for growing wheat. Therefore, Konya is the production center of wheat. 

Wheat Growth in Turkey

It is one of the most grown agricultural products in Turkey. Wheat, which has a substantial space in the agricultural sector, is an essential agricultural product for Turkey. It is an easy crop to cultivate and it grows faster in hot and arid climates. The regions where wheat is suitable for growing in Turkey are the Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia. 

Wheat Production in Turkey

Compared to the previous season, about a 1% increase was observed in the cultivation area of wheat from 2020-2021. Also, the efficiency of wheat increased by 6.6%. Depending on these increases, wheat production increased by 7.9% in 2020-2021 and wheat production reached 20.5 million in total. About 80% of the domestic use of wheat is used in the food industry. The leftovers are used in the feed industry and as seeds.

Wheat Export in Turkey

Wheat is an agricultural product that is affected by the social, economic, and security problems happening throughout the world. In 2019, there was an unprecedented covid-19 pandemic that affected the whole world. This pandemic has negatively impacted supply chains. People have shown excessive demand for products whose raw material is wheat. Also, sometimes the flour and pasta shelves in the markets were empty. Excessive demand caused wheat prices to rise rapidly.

In addition, the Ukraine-Russia war, which started in the first months of 2022, adversely affected the production and supply chain of wheat. The reason for this is that Ukraine and Russia are among the important countries in wheat export. Due to the war, there were serious problems in the supply of wheat. A grain corridor was created under the leadership of the United Nations to provide the supply of wheat, which is the essential food of humanity.

Also, Turkey is among the countries that will ensure the security of this grain corridor.  In short, all these things prove that wheat is a very significant agricultural product. For this reason, it is important to be a wheat-producing and exporting country. Turkey is among the countries that export wheat in the world.

Statistical Data on Wheat Export

According to the wheat report published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in June 2021, Turkey has a share of 3.3% of world wheat exports in the 2020-2021 period. Turkey exported 6.6 million tons of wheat in 2020/2021. Iraq, Venezuela, Yemen, and Somalia are the leading countries to which Turkey exports wheat and wheat products.

In the 2020/21 production season, 58.6% of Turkey's wheat export consists of wheat flour and 34.3% of pasta. Other products consist of 6% biscuit, 0.3% bulgur-semolina and 0.8% wheat. The most important food product produced from wheat is undoubtedly flour. Turkey is among the countries in the first place in wheat flour export in the world. In the first six months of 2022, 1.35 million tons of flour were exported and a revenue of 652 million dollars was obtained. Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Venezuela, and Libya are among the countries where Turkey exports the most flour. Also, Turkey ranks first in the world's pasta export. Turkey exported pasta to 160 countries in 2021 and 1 million 370 thousand tons of pasta in total.